Neuromodulatory systems in the mammalian brain regulate behavioral state, circuit plasticity and synaptic transmission 1. Perturbations of neuromodulators such as acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine and ...

Synchronous cortical population activity in the gamma frequency band (30–70 Hz) is seen in the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of humans and other mammals 1, and emerges from the concerted activity of ...